Once Homo Erectus became Homo Sapiens (thinking), it did not take long for him to realize in lieu of killing and stealing land, needs and resources from one another, trusting and working (hunting) together was more productive. Depending upon the strength, speed and charisma of these humanoids (souls), man began to associate  with one another and to group with widely varying degrees of success, even up to today.
When these groups managed to reach a size where they could be organized, sufficiently civilized to accept organization and begin to exert increased impact on the natural environment and neighboring groups, these bands were called tribes and eventually acquired a tribal name.  Initially, the tribes that were forming across the globe were nomadic moving to secure optimum geographical, harvesting, cattle grazing, economic, political, military and/or social improvements.  When attractive conditions were secured the tribe would cease its nomadic wandering and settle in that location unless forced to move-on by pressure from peripheral, more aggressive tribes.  Given sufficient time and acceptable social, economic and political conditions, the tribes merged, allied or annexed tribes and become city-states or “mini-kingdoms” with more formalized leadership and social/political organization.  At this stage of development, disagreements were most often resolved by war.
By 500 BC, a number of tribes shared Italy.  Greek colonies and tribes were located along the southern coast and the island of Sicily.  Gauls (French) were in northern Italy. The Etruscans from western Turkey were in central Italy establishing a number of city-states.
Earliest city-states or civilizations were in the Sumerian area of North Africa, now known as Egypt beginning about 5500 BC to 3000 BC.  King Kufer began the Pharohatic rule about 3000 BC.  The Great Sphinx of Giza was built in 2540 BC by King Kufer.  The most ancient civilization on the Indian sub-continent was the Indu Valley settlement which is now Pakistan.
The Phoenician tribe settled on the coast of the Mediterranean Ocean and grew into the impressive Carthigian Empire (810 BC).
The Latini tribes migrated in 1000 BC from the Danube region into a Latium region in Italy.
The Greek tribes founded the Byzantine Empire in 660 BC building the Acropolis in Athens.  Strangely, it would be under the banner of the Byzantine Empire that the last vestiges of the Imperial Roman Empire would expire in 1453 AD.
In 600-500 BC, the King of Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar, established his empire and destroyed Jerusalem (556 BC) and enslaves the Jews
Across a time span of 5000 BC to 700 BC, a fiercely competing set of changing empires and city-states exerted a continuous influence on the growth of civilization under the Macedonian Empire in Iraq, northeast Syria, southeast Turkey and Khuyzesian region of southwest Iran.  These included the then Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian Empires - later known as Persia, Phoenicia. Armenia, India, Africa, Egypt and Carthage.
Cyrus the Great established the Persian Empire in 569 BC to 530 BC – the first world empire.  Cyrus the Great of Persia creates the great Empire of Persia, conquers Babylon (539 BC) and frees the Jews.
The reign of King Darius marked the zenith of the Persian Empire 522 to 486 BC reaching from Macedonia to Egypt; Palestine to India.  The Persian Empire was the dominant world power for over 2 centuries 530 to 334 BC.  Alexander the Great and his Carthegian armies conquered the Persian Empire in 334 BC.