The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement of the 18th century.  Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy’s monopoly of political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and establishment of the First Republic. The French Monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror.  Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power and established the First French Empire.  During the Napoleonic Wars, France grew to cover large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 at Waterloo.  The revolution resulted in widespread adoption of the French model for Administration, Law and Education.